If SpeedZone is legal for property owners to use in your state, make certain to follow all the precautions advised on the tag and don’t oversprayĮssentially, any type of SpeedZone herbicide range will succeed against broadleaf weeds, can be applied a few hours prior to rainfall or irrigation, acts rapidly and can be reseeded within a pair weeks. Their qualified specialists commonly have unique accreditation or licensing that permits them to spray products that are limited from usage by the typical property owner. Try calling a reputable regional lawn service. If you reside in among these states as well as really feel that SpeedZone actually is the best alternative for your lawn, all is not lost! SpeedZone Lawn Weed Killer is limited in Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Vermont and Alaska.SpeedZone Southern is restricted in Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Washington D.C., Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North as well as South Dakota, New Mexico, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Alaska as well as Maine.SpeedZone Red is limited in Arkansas, California, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, Vermont as well as Hawaii.Since SpeedZone is such a potent and also fast-acting herbicide, it falls under limited use by certified applicators only in some states: Just like any type of chemical, be certain to take a great check out the tag for safety and security details, standard MSDS information and also application quirks that will certainly aid you get the best feasible outcomes. SpeedZone can be made use of in a range of cool as well as warm season yards, consisting of the following: Awesome Season Grasses Like the various other SpeedZones, it likewise is rain immune within a short amount of time, specifically two hours, along with having just a 2 week window before you can reseed bare patches that have actually created from weed removal. If you’re trying to find an item that is easy to apply, SpeedZone’s Lawn Weed Killer is a terrific choice.Īble to be applied as either a spot therapy for problem locations or as a watering-in item for getting your yard under control, this specific SpeedZone version is created particularly to fulfill home owner demands. It functions very well in cool problems, when a great deal of various other herbicides simply will not get the task done as well as can be used in well established cool as well as warm period turfs. It provides post-emergent broadleaf control in turf that is very quick performing, which is a terrific benefit if you’ve got business coming this weekend or just need to eliminate some broadleaf weeds quick. ![]() ![]() SpeedZone Red is the initial variation of the popular discerning broadleaf herbicide created by Gordon’s. SpeedZone can be made use of in a range of cool as well as warm season yards, consisting of the following:.
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Have basic math skills and be able to apply them in a work environment.Have experience working with chemicals and/or light chemical manufacturing is preferred.Experience reading and working with SOPs a plus.Ability to Multi-task and watch multiple processes at the same time.Ability to comprehend and abide by relevant policies/procedures pertinent to safety, quality, security, and operations.Must have good attendance record and be on time.Attend safety meetings, conduct safety audits.Perform General Laborer duties as required to meet production needs.Train Laborers and new Manufacturing Associates.Accomplish safety targets set by supervisors and management.Grease, adjust or clean specific parts of the production line in support of an Autonomous Maintenance Program.Keep the production line organized, clean and free of any hazards.Maintain accurate counts and document products being produced or used as required for the position. ![]()
![]() Wrap it up: what are we coming here for? When having fun with some good friends is your main priority, Gramps does not disappoint. (We told you this place was quirky.)ĭid the staff do you right? It’s the bar of choice for some employees on their night off-need we say more? Worth ordering something to eat, too? Slightly hidden inside the bar is Pizza Tropical, a counter-style service window that serves up Brooklyn-style pies (whole or by the slice), plus wings, garlic knots, and hot Cuban coffee. How are the drinks? In keeping with its “something for everyone” vibe, Gramps has a little bit of everything: PBR by the can, local brews from Funky Buddha and Cigar City by the pint, sake on tap, wines that sparkle, and playful cocktails that deploy a number of creative syrups and bitters. It’s definitely a popular spot with neighborhood hipsters, but the sheer variety-from trivia to bingo to movie nights to comedy acts to alligator wrestling-draws people from around the city. So who’s there? Gramps describes itself as “a bar with lots to drink and do.” And while it’s an accurate descriptor, the simplicity of the statement might undersell how much fun a night here can be. This popular Wynwood hangout is a direct reflection of its quirky neighborhood, right down to its mismatched furniture, collection of old-school video games, and outdoor tiki bar that hosts a great lineup of live music.Ĭool. First impression? The only thing you need to know about Gramps is written on its exterior: Air Conditioning, Cold Beer, Cocktails. ![]() The holding of bumpers together will bring theĬheat console up and makes way for commands. It would beīest if you held the bumpers down, which are L1, L2, R1, and R2. Sims 4 CAS cheat is also programmed in PS4. Close all the bumpers for removing the cheat window.Īll you need to follow up is press B+A, making sure B is pressed first, and then the “Modify in CAS” will show up at the top right. Then type testingcheats true from your controller/keyboard and then type the text cas.fulleditmode in the textbox. ![]() The pressed bumpers show up the cheat window and open the way for commands. Firstly, bring all your hold the bumpers down, which are L1, L2, R1, and R2. Sims 4 CAS cheat is enabled in Xbox One too. Lastly, all you have to do is hold the Shift key down and click on the sim you want to edit when the “Edit in CAS” option shows up. Then, you need to type testingcheats true in the console and then type cas.fulleditmode in the text box. Firstly, you need to start the game and then hold the CTRL and SHIFT keys down and press C to bring the command console. The following would be the steps that guide you for allowing your cheats. The Sims 4 CAS cheats are enabled in PCs, Xbox One, and PS4. To use the editing cheat, you need CAS full edit mode. This will pop up the command console, which would help the players to input the cheat codes. Now, to enable the commands for the cheats, you need to hold the CTRL and SHIFT keys down and press C. In spite of whatever means of gaming you’re using, PCs, Xbox One, or PS4, you could enable cheats for editing your Sims. This will provide you with new cheat codes that allow you to edit the objects or your Sims in the game. Frequently Asked Questions Full Edit Mode Sims 4 Full Edit Mode:.Now, you are free to fill those extra slots however you like, and the only remaining issue is choosing which trait to add. From the CAS screen, you can modify your sim however you like, including their traits, which is what we want.Hold and then click on the sim you want to change traits.Click the key to exit the cheats window.After enabling cheats, type in the cheat code cas.fulleditmode.With the cheat console opened, type testingcheats true or testingcheats on.On your PC, to open the cheat box, press + + on your keyboard.In order to enable cheats and the full edit mode, follow these simple steps: The only way to modify your traits selection is by using cheats and enabling the handy CAS full edit mode. Now, having the mod installed, you will have extra sims 4 traits slots, but they will be empty. When you click Save, these settings are locked in, and you can no longer access the CAS screen. Usually, when you first use the create-a-sim screen, you assign your sim’s name, gender, age group, physical features, and traits. If you are playing an ongoing game, you will need to use cheats to assign new traits for your sim. Note: If you have the Cats & Dogs expansion pack, this mod will notaffect your pets’ number of trait slots. Young Adults, Adults, & Elders will all have five trait slots instead of 3.Teens will now have four trait slots, as opposed to 2.Childrenwill have three trait slots instead of 1.Toddlers will have two trait slots instead of 1.You can either start a new household, and you’ll have access to the extra slots based on the chosen life stage of your sim from the get-go: With the mod installed, there’s not much to it. Go to Options in the Other tab and check the boxes Script Mods Allowed & Enable Custom Content and Mods.Īnd remember to restart your game! How To Use The Sims 4 More Traits Slots You will also want to ensure you enable mods in the sims 4.Įnabling mods in the Sims 4 is super simple. You can locate your mods folder on your PC at Documents/Electronic Arts/The Sims 4/Mods. Then uncompress the files and drag and drop them into the game’s mods folder. Note: If you are using Vicky Sims’ More CAS Traits Mod, make sure to pick the ChingyuCompatible mod file. In order to add more traits to your sim, you’ll first need to get the More Traits Slots mod from thepancake1 and MizoreYukii’s Patreon page. Any use of mods (custom content or game mods) should be done with caution and with the knowledge that there may be risks. Let’s review how you can easily add more trait slots to the game.Īnd once you’re done adding new slots, check out these Sims 4 Trait Mods for even more options.ĭisclaimer: The following mods are neither endorsed nor affiliated with The Sims, Maxis, or Electronic Arts. Life is all about personality and how you approach the world.īut that approach can be a little difficult when your sims are limited to a mere 3 personality traits.Īs always, the amazing modders in the sims community came through yet again with a handy mod to improve these limitations. Yet it would be foolish to dismiss it simply as an artifact of the pre-Vatican II spirituality in which Day was formed. This is not the type of spiritual writing we are accustomed to reading, a spirituality that is often, unfortunately, yoked to an unhealthy theological anthropology that diminishes physical and psychological integrity. God help us, living as we do, in the richest country in the world and so far from approaching the voluntary poverty we esteem and reach toward." I could only feel that I had been given some little information of the hunger of the world. They were certainly of a kind I have never had before, and they seemed to pierce to the very marrow of my bones when I lay down at night. "I had offered my fast in part for the victims of famine all over the world, and it seemed to me that I had very special pains. In 1965, Day joined an international group of women who undertook a 10-day fast for peace during the final session of the Second Vatican Council. bringing her a bit nearer to the suffering of Christ and by her very sharing, lightening to some degree the burden of others." She writes a stunning remembrance of Madeline Krider, a benefactor who was treated with contempt on a visit to the Catholic Worker, taken for a "poor, old and unattractive" woman. "Why penance? For the napalm, the bombing in Vietnam perhaps. She is writing about her own spirituality when she eulogizes Hugh Madden, a man whose pilgrimages and penances are reminiscent of the stories of the desert fathers and mothers. ![]() The mystery of poverty is that by sharing in it, making ourselves poor in giving to others, we increase our knowledge of and belief in love." It is the only way we have of knowing and believing in our love. One does not have to be Catholic to perform the corporal works of mercy or to risk imprisonment in opposition to systemic injustice and war.īut Day's embrace of voluntary poverty was the expression of a deep penitential spirit that itself rested on her love for, and desire to imitate, the poor Jesus of Nazareth: "The mystery of the poor is this: that they are Jesus, and what you do for them you do for him. ![]() She offers a passionate denunciation of the war in Vietnam, conveys her principled and costly opposition to nuclear weapons, and shows the risks she took to support civil rights and migrant workers.īut above all, "On Pilgrimage" is a work of profound ascetical spirituality. It can be read for a unique response to the social and political complexities of the 1960s. The books and authors cited and admired show her wide-ranging intelligence and deep formation in history, theology and literature. ![]() Muste, Ignazio Silone, Danilo Dolci, Cesar Chavez, Peter Maurin, Ammon Hennacy. She writes about people who are well known to the Catholic Worker community - A.J. The columns are letters, not essays, and her lush attention to detail gives us vibrant images from her travels - to Cuba, to Rome, to the American South during the civil rights movement, to anti-war protests in New York and farmworker strikes in California, and to her daughter and grandchildren in Vermont.ĭay's writing, like her faith, is incarnational, and her word portraits are unfailingly engaging. ![]() It can be read for the sheer pleasure of hearing the voice of Day, whose richly textured prose invites the reader into her unique experiences. There are several ways one can read this wonderful book, a well-edited collection of Dorothy Day's "On Pilgrimage" columns from the Catholic Worker from 1960 to 1969. "On Pilgrimage: The Sixties" by Dorothy Day, edited by Robert Ellsberg. Heats up to 410☏ in 60 seconds with a 5-second heat recovery timeĭownload the Express Ion Smooth+ XL Warranty Form.ĭownload the Express Ion Smooth+ XL Instruction Guide.ĭownload the Proper Tool Maintenance Guide. Shop Paul Mitchell Pro Tools Express Ion Unclipped 3-in-1 Ceramic Interchangeable Curling Wand, 3 Barrels for Multiple Hairstyles, Black online at a best. Shop our collection of Paul Mitchell Hair Tools online and get free. HOW IT WORKSĮxpress Ion Complex™ ensures healthy, shiny resultsġ.5" cushioned ceramic plates with beveled edgesĭigital temperature control with LCD display Paul Mitchell Pro Tools Express Ion Unclipped 3-in-1 Curling Iron Free Shipping. Buy Paul Mitchell Express Ion Unclipped 3-In-1 Curling Iron in Canada at TheBay. Featuring super-sized 1.5" ceramic plates with beveled edges and Express Ion Complex™ technology, it creates soft, silky-smooth results and healthy-looking shine every time. The Express Ion Unclipped 3-in-1 features the latest in hairstyling technology with a clamp-free design that allows hair to get straight to the heat and a digital display. 16 off 120 90.00 with code FREE Same Day Pickup Select a Store Ship to Home or Store Get it by May 25th - May 30th Get In Stock Alert Add to Cart Description What it Does Create a variety of curl patterns, from loose waves to tight curls, with three interchangeable ceramic barrels. ![]() Express Ion Large Round Brush: Vented aluminum barrel heats up during blow-drying to help shape your style. /rebates/2fp2fexpress-ion-unclipped-3-in-1-curling-iron-xlsImpprod16001027&. Express Ion Unclipped 3-in-1 Curling Iron - Model 31INA - Black by Paul Mitchell for Unisex - 3 Pc Curling Iron 1.25 Inch Large Cone, 1 Inch Styling Rod. The Paul Mitchell Pro Tools Express Ion Unclipped 3-in-1 Curling Iron provides endless styling possibilities. Designed especially for long, thick or coarse hair, this extra-large version of our #1 best-selling Express Ion Smooth®+ Flat Iron makes it fast and easy to straighten any hair type. Express Ion Unclipped 3-in-1 Interchangeable Curling Wand: Features three interchangeable ceramic barrels: 75' small styling cone for ringlets, 1' styling rod for loose waves and 1.25' styling cone for natural-looking curls. (FIFTY FIFTY) - Sped Up Version - regex & bexter & Vraox.Create smooth, sleek hairstyles in no time with the Express Ion Smooth®+ XL Flat Iron. ![]() GRWM Get Ready with me Face of the Day / Makeup of the day! I jump around a lot but I eventually make it to the end haha! Any tips on soap brows? Skincare - Restoring Eye Masks Mitchell - Express Ion Unclipped 3-In-1 Curling Iron - Heat Protectant Spray - Power Grip Primer - Skin Feels Good Hydrating Tinted Moisturizer with SPF 23 Beauty - No Limits Cream Bronzer and Contour Stick - Brow soap (linked in my bio) Cosmetics - Precisely, My Brow Pencil Waterproof Eyebrow Definer Cosmetics - Radiant Creamy Concealer Cosmetics - Discontinued cosmetics - Tarteist™ Double Take Eyeliner Paris - Telescopic Lift Mascara #amazonbeauty - lashes (Linked in bio) #rarebeauty - Always An Optimist 4-in-1 Prime & Set Mist Cosmetics - Lip Pencil Beauty - Soft Pinch Tinted Lip Oil #sephora #makeuptutorial #makeuptransformation #makeuplook #matureskin #momsofinstagram #30something #makeupover30 #ultabeautyģ70 Likes, TikTok video from Sonia Castaneda "GRWM Get Ready with me Face of the Day / Makeup of the day! I jump around a lot but I eventually make it to the end haha! Any tips on soap brows? Skincare - Restoring Eye Masks Mitchell - Express Ion Unclipped 3-In-1 Curling Iron - Heat Protectant Spray - Power Grip Primer - Skin Feels Good Hydrating Tinted Moisturizer with SPF 23 Beauty - No Limits Cream Bronzer and Contour Stick - Brow soap (linked in my bio) Cosmetics - Precisely, My Brow Pencil Waterproof Eyebrow Definer Cosmetics - Radiant Creamy Concealer Cosmetics - Discontinued cosmetics - Tarteist™ Double Take Eyeliner Paris - Telescopic Lift Mascara #amazonbeauty - lashes (Linked in bio) #rarebeauty - Always An Optimist 4-in-1 Prime & Set Mist Cosmetics - Lip Pencil Beauty - Soft Pinch Tinted Lip Oil #sephora#makeuptutorial#makeuptransformation#makeuplook#matureskin#momsofinstagram#30something#makeupover30#ultabeauty". ![]() It works on Macs with macOS 10.14 or newer. ![]() ITerm2 is a replacement for the Terminal and a successor to iTerm. What is iTerm2 and why is it better than the terminal? But you know what they say, that things get better with time! The Mac Terminal is a default command line system program that comes installed on your Mac empowering you to take control of your OS and make the desired changes using a command prompt. But if your memory game is as extraordinary as that of a dolphin, multitasking is the need of the hour and you are well versed in commanding the OS via text inputs then CLI is your pal. In short, you don’t need to be a software developer or a techie to navigate around and the visual cue makes it super simple. The successful completion of this task will involve interaction with multiple GUIs like the OS, the browser and the web application. For instance, let’s consider watching a YouTube video. The former is a visual way of interacting with a computer using visual metaphors, icons, symbols and pointing devices. ![]() The meaning lies pretty much in their names. Broadly and relevantly speaking, there are two: Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Command Line Interface (CLI). This includes all the commands we give to our computer, which are then understood and executed. It is an enabler enabling seamless communication between you and your computer. Simply because the two parties involved do not belong to the same specie or type, if you will. Screenshots of commands for installationĬommunication between a human being and a machine of any sort is complex yet interesting (in this case a computer). ![]() txt file is free by clicking on the export iconĬite as source (bibliography): Morse Code on dCode. The copy-paste of the page "Morse Code" or any of its results, is allowed (even for commercial purposes) as long as you cite dCode!Įxporting results as a. Except explicit open source licence (indicated Creative Commons / free), the "Morse Code" algorithm, the applet or snippet (converter, solver, encryption / decryption, encoding / decoding, ciphering / deciphering, breaker, translator), or the "Morse Code" functions (calculate, convert, solve, decrypt / encrypt, decipher / cipher, decode / encode, translate) written in any informatic language (Python, Java, PHP, C#, Javascript, Matlab, etc.) and all data download, script, or API access for "Morse Code" are not public, same for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app! ![]() Note that only Wabun has limited support for latin characters, Russian and German morse will transliterate some letters but not all characters can be covered.Morse Code was invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse Ask a new question Source codeĭCode retains ownership of the "Morse Code" source code. Using (U+2584 Lower Half Block) to represent a dot, decode the argument from International Morse Code to alphanumeric. In Japanese Wabun code bye or " サヨウナラ" (Sa Yo U Na Ra) would be: The wav file is expected to be international morse code, preferrably clean and properly spaced. In Russian morse the word for hello " здороваться" is: --.. Either sox or audacity can easily transform to this format. When the message is written in Morse code, a single space is used to. The Morse code is case-insensitive, traditionally capital letters are used. For example, the letter A is coded as ·, letter Q is coded as ·, and digit 1 is coded as ·. Morse Code Course Eleven lessons to learn the International Morse Code. The Morse code encodes every character as a sequence of 'dots' and 'dashes'. ..Īs you can see there is a third character to represent the old values such as long dash and longer dash, you can change these using the More Options button. Decoding a Morse code requires an individual to know all the Morse signals for. Invalid characters are omitted, and with the default settings one space separates letters and two separate words.Īnd with the replacements (in ITU). Old morse used a double length dah for the letter L and the German version used a dah four times long for zero. ![]() - It can support a full range of customizable separators. When transmitting the Morse code, the international standard specifies that: Dot is 1 time unit long.- It supports original Morse code, Wabun, German and Russian codes, as well as the (ITU) international standard in use today.This script is an ongoing attempt to encompass all (or at least a few) the wonders and romance of the Morse family, among its features are: Default speed is 25WPM (Words Per Minute).Traditional frequency is 600Hz up to 1000Hz.Abbreviations are used for brevity like K for Over and R for Received.Procedural signals are non written Morse, things like End of contact, or Understood.This newer code is also called Continental Morse Code. When set if a letter or morse sequence is not recognized it will be removed. To remedy this deficiency, a variant called the International Morse Code was devised by a conference of European nations in 1851.It uses your computers microphone to listen or you can upload a file. Between sentences (default is 4 spaces). This experimental tool lets you try to convert Morse code sound into text.It includes a full library of MP3 files for 26 letters, 10 Arabic numerals and punctuation marks. The National Associate For Amateur Radio or simply ARRL is a very simple website with a ton of resources that help you learn Morse code. It has many uses and is highly important. as well as the (ITU) international standard in use today. Therefore, you can instantly decode Morse code with a morse decoder. It is used to send short, and often very, precise messages across distances. Encode in to Morse, ITU, wabu, Russian, and other encodings. You want to spend only a few hours decoding a single message. A digital code devised by an American physician Samuel Morse in 1838. Standard gap between the dots and dashes in a character (default is a soft hyphen i.e. The National Association for Amateur Radio. What Is Morse Code Morse codes is the common language of radio communication.Longer dash The numeral 0 in German and old Morse (default is 4 em dashes).Long dash The letter L in old Morse (default is 2 em dashes). ![]() It is only used in old USA Morse (default is underscore).
Malik Monk got the start in James' place and finished with 17 points but the Lakers needed their big names to pull this one out. Though he entered the day listed as "probable" against the Spurs, coach Frank Vogel ruled him out before the game. James injured his right ankle Sunday against the Memphis Grizzlies but remained in the game. Playing without the injured LeBron James, the Los Angeles Lakers saw their other two superstars step up in a 125-121 overtime defeat of the San Antonio Spurs.Īnthony Davis had 35 points and 17 rebounds and Russell Westbrook contributed 33 points, 10 rebounds and eight assists to carry the Lakers on the road. added 26 for Toronto, while RJ Barrett led New York with 27 points.īradley Beal made only three of 11 shots from three-point range and the Washington starting lineup attempted just five free throws as the Wizards suffered their second defeat of the season, 118-111 to the Atlanta Hawks. OG Anunoby had 36 points as the Toronto Raptors handed the New York Knicks their second loss of the season, 113-104 at Madison Square Garden. DeMar DeRozan had a spectacular shooting game, making 15 of 20 from the field to lead the Bulls with 37 points while Zach LaVine added 26. The Chicago Bulls outscored the Boston Celtics 39-11 in the fourth quarter to rally for a 128-114 road victory. Embiid's replacement, Andre Drummond, added 14 points and 15 rebounds for the 76ers as Damian Lillard and CJ McCollum combined to make just 15 of 40 shots from the field, including five of 17 from three-point range, for Portland.Īfter making just one of nine shots from the field in the first half, Paul George hit 10 of 15 in the second to finish with 32 points and lead the Los Angeles Clippers past the Oklahoma City Thunder 99-94. Joel Embiid missed the game with a planned rest day and Tobias Harris sat out due to health and safety protocols, but the Philadelphia 76ers still managed to defeat the Portland Trail Blazers 113-103 behind 23 points from Seth Curry and 21 off the bench from Georges Niang. The teams meet again in Memphis on Wednesday. The Nuggets superstar has shown no ill effects from the knee contusion that forced him out of a game against the Utah Jazz last week in the second quarter. Jokic played a team-high 33 minutes and finished with 23 points, seven rebounds, seven assists and four blocked shots. The 22-year-old Morant is averaging 28.3 points per game, second only to Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors (28.7), while shooting 52.4 per cent from the field. ![]() Morant had 26 points, eight assists and seven rebounds for the Grizzlies, who bounced back from an ugly home loss to the Miami Heat on Saturday. The NBA's hottest young scorer got the best of the reigning MVP on Monday as Ja Morant and the Memphis Grizzlies defeated Nikola Jokic's Denver Nuggets 106-97. ![]() Storm clouds, a little turbulance, rain (no hail sadly) but no lightning found at night. There were no further findings, in the last week I’ve been through areas of high Cape on the Garmins, in the forecast and in reality in South America. My first finding is the issue isn’t with the forecast from which MSFS generates live weather, it seems pretty good at predicting storms. One community member managed to find some live lightning in Australia which inspired me to go up and stalk some storms in the Meteoblue forecast and some showing up live on. Being a weather nut, I tend to gravitate towards forecast and current big weather events. "You can see lightning and hear thunder just like a regular thunderstorm.For fear of seeming like a broken record…Live thunderstorms with lightning are still as rare as hens’ teeth. It's not what you expect," explained Richardson who witnessed thundersnow in Wisconsin. Bolts of lightning slice through the sky, creating an eerie look. The winds, temperatures and low-pressure areas made for a perfect unstable environment.ĭuring thundersnows, the snow dampens the thunder so it sounds like a muffled timpani drum rather than the loud cracking and booming of a summer thunderstorm. ![]() High-gusting winds and record snowfalls blanketed the whole Atlantic Canadian region. A low-pressure storm formed off the east coast of the United States, intensifying as it moved north. In February 2004, thundersnows occurred in association with the blizzard dubbed White Juan, which struck Halifax, Nova Scotia, just months after Hurricane Juan had destroyed parts of that city. If the temperature is cold enough, snow falls instead of rain. This happens most often near the Great Lakes and other large bodies of water, when a cold front passes over a warm surface, causing the instability needed for a thunderstorm. Although thunderstorms are a summertime phenomenon, she noted, in some rare situations a winter thundersnow can occur. Typically, after about an hour the storm becomes dominated by downward motion and an ordinary storm ends, said Richardson. The accompanying boom, called thunder, comes from sound waves created when the air is heated suddenly by the lightning and then cools rapidly. The result? A high voltage surge of electrons, otherwise known as lightning. Consequently, the ground becomes positively charged and the electric field cuts a conductive path between the cloud and the Earth. This "charge separation" grows more intense with each collision inside the cloud - so intense, in fact, that the negative charge at the cloud's lower end actually repels electrons at the Earth's surface deeper into the planet. The ice crystals rise upward, carrying a positive electric charge to the cloud's upper end. The hailstones fall to the lower portion of the cloud, giving it a negative charge. Most importantly, hailstones and ice particles collide with each other, transferring charge in the process. Heavy droplets of water and ice particles darken the cloud and spread out horizontally to transform the fluffy cumulus shape into a cumulonimbus - or "anvil-cloud," so named for its typical shape, flattened at its top with a heavy base. As the cumulus cloud grows higher and bigger, the moist air inside of it accelerates upward until it reaches a level where it is colder than the surrounding air. This buoyant air rises quickly, starting the formation of the thunderstorm. Explained Richardson, "The warmed air in the cloud is less dense than the surrounding air, making it buoyant." This heat further warms the air, ultimately creating low hanging cumulus clouds - the clouds that resemble fluffy cotton balls. As these updrafts of heated air rise, they carry along water vapor, which - as the warm air ascends and cools - condenses into liquid, releasing latent heat. Thunderstorms literally begin at the ground level: The sun's rays are absorbed by the Earth, which warms the air above it. "It is harder to get all of these to come together in the winter." "Any thunderstorm requires moisture, instability and some mechanism for lifting, such as a front," Richardson continued. The short answer? "In the summer there's a lot more moisture in the air," said Yvette Richardson, assistant professor of meteorology at Penn State. |
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